The invention discloses a carbon dioxide capture system and method capable of inhibiting volatilization of an absorbing agent, and belongs to the technical field of flue gas purification. By arranginga hydrophilic filler assembly in an absorption tower, one the one hand, the contact area of the absorbing agent and flue gas can be increased, and therefore, the reaction activity of the absorbing agent and the flue gas is improved; on the other hand, the hydrophilic filler assembly can improve the effect of separating the carbon dioxide from other gases in the flue gas, and loss of water and theabsorbing agent on the upper section of the absorption tower is greatly reduced. Compared with a traditional carbon dioxide capture system, because a significant inhibition effect on the volatilization of the absorbing agent can be achieved, it is not required that a water wash section and a pump and other associated device are arranged in the absorption tower to recover water and absorbing agentsteam which are discharged along with decarburized flue gas, the investment cost and the running cost of the device are reduced, and the system construction is simplified.