The invention provides a high-speed maglev novel optical fiber positioning system which comprises an optical fiber and a grating demodulation device connected with the optical fiber. Gratings are arranged at different positions of the optical fiber and used for responding to trigger signals of a target object and generating corresponding light reflection signals. The grating demodulation device isused for receiving the light reflection signals and determining the position of the target object according to the positions of the gratings for generating the light reflection signals. Through the high-speed maglev novel optical fiber positioning system, the positions of the gratings can be rapidly and accurately determined, the positioning speed is high, and the precision is high; by means of the optical fiber transmission mode, the time delay is short. The optical fiber is high in interference resistance and low in price and can save cost.