The invention provides a railway fastener detection method and device, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model which is composed of all parts in a fastener system, and enabling the fastener system to comprise an elastic strip; Carrying out static analysis on the three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model to obtain analysis data; Performing modal analysis on the three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model according to the analysis data to obtain each order of vibration mode of the elastic strip and an inherent frequency corresponding to each order of vibration mode; Steel rail corrugation data can be obtained on the basis; Analyzing according to the steel rail corrugation data to obtain wheel rail excitation frequency; Andanalyzing whether the elastic strip resonates or not according to the inherent frequency and the wheel track excitation frequency. According to the method, the influence of each component of the fastener system on the inherent frequency of the elastic strip is fully considered, and the original proportion three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model of the fastener system is established. And carrying out online analysis on the wheel track excitation frequency to obtain the inherent frequency of the fastener system in various states, and comparing the inherent frequency with the wheel trackexcitation frequency obtained by actual detection to judge whether the fastener system generates resonance or not.