The invention provides a light field acquisition device with high spatial resolution and an image generation method. A micro-lens array is arranged between a main lens and a compression encoding sensor, is parallel to the compression encoding sensor, and is vertical to an optical axis of the main lens to completely cover a photosensitive surface of the compression encoding sensor; wherein each micro-lens can perform focusing imaging, and imaging regions of different micro-lenses are not mutually overlapped on a plane of the compression encoding sensor; and a real image, presented through the main lens, of a target scene is collected through the micro-lens array and is then recorded by the compression encoding sensor. According to the device and the method, the angle resolution and the light transmission amount of a light field are not reduced, data of the light field with high spatial resolution is obtained, the data volume of the light field can be reduced, the storage pressure is alleviated, and video shooting of the light field and network storage and propagation application development of the data of the light field are promoted.