The invention relates to the field of geotechnical engineering, in particular to a water curtain drilling optimization setting method based on dynamic evaluation of water-rich characteristics of surrounding rock. The method includes the following steps that (1), according to the geological conditions of a reservoir area, it is determined that a water curtain hole is a horizontal water curtain holeor a vertical water curtain hole, and a water curtain roadway is designed; (2), a transient electromagnetic test is performed on the water curtain design plane after construction of the water curtainroadway is completed, a water-rich zone and a water-poor zone are found, water curtain holes with the hole spacing being14-20m are arranged in the water-rich zone, and water curtain holes with the hole spacing being 5-10m are arranged in the water-poor zone; and (3), a water curtain test is performed on the water curtain holes, and reperforating is carried out according to the test result. The water-rich zone and the water-poor zone in a geological zone are considered in the water curtain drilling optimization setting method, the distances of the water curtain holes are designed separately, the best water sealing effect can be achieved, and the water curtain drilling optimization setting method is relatively simple to operate.