The invention discloses a textile cloth rolling machine capable of replacing a cloth roller rapidly. The textile cloth rolling machine comprises a base and a support assembly, wherein the support assembly is arranged at the top of the base. A first guiding groove is formed in the top end face of the right side of the base and internally provided with a guiding rod, wherein the guiding rod extendsleftwards and rightwards. The support assembly is composed of a first support bracket and a second support bracket. The first support bracket is fixed to the top end face of the left side of the base,and the second support bracket is located at the right side of the base; and the bottom of the second support bracket extends into the first guiding groove. A first sliding cavity is formed in the bottom end face of the second support bracket. A first sliding block is connected into the first sliding cavity in a sliding and matched manner. A locking block is fixedly arranged at the bottom of thefirst sliding block, wherein the locking block penetrates the bottom end face of the second support bracket. A second sliding cavity is formed in the portion, at the left side of the first sliding cavity, inside the second support bracket, wherein the second sliding cavity extends upwards and downwards. A second guiding groove is formed in the inner wall of the right side of the second sliding cavity. The textile cloth rolling machine is simple in structure; rapid locking for mounting and automatic control unlocking can be achieved; the speeds of mounting work and dismounting work for the cloth roller are increased; a cloth unloading roll can be ascended and descended automatically; and operation safety is improved.