The invention relates to a preparation method of a graphene/styrene-butadiene rubber composite with a functional characteristic and aims at compounding directionally-arranged graphene nanosheets intostyrene-butadiene rubber so as to provide excellent conductivity, wear resistance and the like. The material provided by the invention is of a double-layer structure, one layer is a functional layer mainly formed by directional arrangement of the graphene nanosheets, and the other layer is an elastic insulation layer mainly made of the styrene-butadiene rubber. The preparation method comprises thesteps: (1) carrying out ultrasonic treatment on the graphene nanosheets in a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution to obtain a graphene dispersion solution; (2) adding the graphene dispersion solutioninto styrene-butadiene latex to carry out ultrasonic treatment or mechanical stirring; and (3) pouring the mixed solution obtained in the step (2) into a die, and carrying out solidification at a certain temperature to obtain a final composite. The composite is low in graphene nanosheet addition amount, excellent in conductivity and wear resistance in a direction parallel to the directional arrangement direction of the graphene nanosheets, good in insulation property in a direction vertical to the arrangement direction of the graphene nanosheets, soft and foldable and can be used in the fieldsuch as electrostatic protection and electromagnetic wave shielding.