The invention belongs to the field of solid waste in the metallurgical industry and particularly relates to a sintering dust treatment system and method. The sintering dust treatment system comprisesan acid leaching device, a primary filtering device, a crystallization device, a secondary filtering device, a drying device and an evaporation device, wherein the primary filtering device is connected with the acid leaching device and is used for filtering leachate obtained through reaction of sintering dust and hydrochloric acid in the acid leaching device to obtain acid leaching solution; the crystallization device is connected with the primary filtering device and is used for crystallizing the acid leaching solution to obtain precipitation solution; the secondary filtering device is connected with the crystallization device and is used for filtering and separating the precipitation solution to obtain iron oxide red filter residue and sylvite solution; the drying device is connected with the filter residue outlet of the secondary filtering device; and the evaporation device is connected with the filtering solution outlet of the secondary filtering device. The sintering dust treatment system recycles potassium and iron in sintering dust step by step and has the characteristics of being low in energy consumption of the flow, simple and easy to operate and environmentally-friendly.