The invention discloses a circumferential weld back chipping machining device. The circumferential weld back chipping machining device comprises a driving roller carrier, a driving roller carrier base, a driven roller carrier, a circumferential weld back chipping machine, an integrated base, a first moving device, a second moving device, a first guide part and a second guide part; and by arrangingthe integrated base under the circumferential weld back chipping machine and the driven roller carrier, the consistency of the longitudinal height of the circumferential weld back chipping machine and the longitudinal height of the driven roller carrier can be ensured without paving a base plate, and the machining precision of the circumferential weld back chipping machining device is improved. The transverse position of the circumferential weld back chipping machine and the transverse position of the driven roller carrier can be quickly adjusted through cooperation of the guide parts and themoving devices. In the preparing process before circumferential weld back chipping machining, the steps of base plate paving, lifting, moving and the like are not needed, the driven roller carrier and the circumferential weld back chipping machine are convenient to arrange, moving is fast, the preparing time before circumferential weld back chipping is greatly shortened, the application range iswide, and the precision of circumferential weld back chipping is ensured.