The invention relates to the field of medical apparatuses and instruments, in particular to a portable solar illumination scalpel. The scalpel comprises a scalpel head, a scalpel handle and a scalpelsheath, and is characterized in that the scalpel head is fixedly connected with the scalpel handle; an upper LED lamp and a lower LED lamp are arranged at the front end of the scalpel handle, and a solar panel is arranged on one side of the scalpel handle; the scalpel handle is hollow, and a lithium battery is arranged in the scalpel handle; switches are arranged at the tail end of the scalpel handle. According to the portable solar illumination scalpel, the illumination scope is extended by the two LED lamps, and illumination dead space during an operation is reduced; solar energy is converted into electric energy and stored in the battery, so that charging is not restricted by space; carrying is convenient for a medical worker by means of the scalpel sheath, the slip resistance of the scalpel is enhanced by means of non-slip lines on the outer surface of the scalpel handle, and an accident of scalpel slipping in the operation process is prevented. The scalpel is particularly applicable to the environments without sufficient illumination of a disaster area, a war area, the wild and the like, and meanwhile occurrence of the condition that a standby battery is carried or charging isinconvenient is avoided.