The invention discloses a high-performance fiber fabric and foam based flexible protection structure. The flexible protection structure includes a buffer screen, foams, filling screens and a back wall; the buffer screen is used for breaking space debris; the foams are used for adjusting the compression amount or the swelling amount of the protection structure; the filling screens are used for disintegrating space debris cloud; the back wall is used for capturing the space debris cloud; andthe buffer screen, the foams, the filling screens, and the back wall are successively glued through an adhesive. The flexible protection structure can be folded and compressed through the filling screens, is easy to launch, and can make up the defect of low reliability of the conventional protection structures; and the protection spacing of the flexible protection structure can break through a space limit of a rocket fairing through the foams, the protection ability of the flexible protection structure is significantly enhanced, and the problem that the conventional protection structures are much in energy consumption and are poor in environment suitability.