The invention discloses an energy absorption box based on a pneumatic muscle, and relates to an energy absorption box. The energy absorption box based on the pneumatic muscle aims at solving the problems that the energy absorption performance of an existing energy absorption box needs to be improved, and the weight of the existing energy absorption box is large. The energy absorption box based onthe pneumatic muscle comprises an energy absorption box body, the pneumatic muscle and a fixing base, wherein at least one guiding rail hole is formed in the box body in the longitudinal direction ofthe energy absorption box body, the pneumatic muscle is installed in the guiding rail hole, the axial direction of the pneumatic muscle is parallel to the longitudinal direction of the energy absorption box body, one end of the pneumatic muscle is inserted into the fixing base and fixed through rivets, the other end of the pneumatic muscle is arranged in guiding rails and slides in the constraintdirection in the guiding rails along with active contraction of the pneumatic muscle, and a gap for containing pneumatic muscle expansion is reserved between the pneumatic muscle and the hole wall ofthe guiding rail hole. According to the energy absorption box based on the pneumatic muscle, a pneumatic muscle mechanism is introduced into the energy absorption box, active contraction of the pneumatic muscle is excited in a self-adaption mode through a pneumatic control system, the whole rigidity of the energy absorption box system can be changed, and the mass of the pneumatic muscle is light.