The invention provides a vertebral body traction bed mattress. The vertebral body traction bed mattress is characterized in that a left pit and a right pit are formed in the positions of human elbowsof the two sides of the mattress. Meanwhile, the invention further provides an elbow supporting device with the vertebral body traction bed mattress. The elbow supporting device mainly comprises a left supporting block and a right supporting block which are arranged at the human elbow positions of the left side and the right side of a bed body respectively. A user lies on the bed on the back and puts elbows on the supporting blocks with arms in a bent state, the supporting blocks generates upward supporting force on the upper body of the human body through the elbows when human vertebra lumbalis bears downward tensile force, and therefore the vertebra lumbalis bears a traction effect. The vertebral body traction bed mattress is characterized in that the left pit and the right put are formed in the human elbow positions of the two sides of the mattress, the left supporting block and the right supporting block are buried in the left pit and the right pit of the two sides of the mattressrespectively, the left supporting block, the right supporting block and the mattress are integrated when the left supporting block and the right blocking block are folded together, the left supportingblock and the right supporting block abut against the human elbows when vertically fixed, the supporting structure is reasonable, the left supporting block, the right supporting block and the mattress are integrated when the left supporting block and the right blocking block are folded together, and the mattress is attractive and elegant and convenient to package and transport.