The invention provides a water treatment system and a water treatment method for estradiol through three-dimensional electro-fenton-like treatment. The water treatment system comprises a reactor, a water supply device, an aeration device, a dosing device and a power supply, wherein the water supply device, the aeration device and the power supply are respectively connected with the reactor; the reactor comprises a three-dimensional electro-fenton-like reaction area; the three-dimensional electro-fenton-like reaction area is filled with a converter mud base Co/Fe0 particle electrode. Accordingto the invention, persulfate is added into the reactor through the dosing device, water is supplied to the reactor through the water supply device, after the sewage and persulfate both reach the three-dimensional electro-fenton-like reaction area, persulfate is activated to generate free sulfate radicals under the effect of Fe0 loaded by the particle electrode and the free hydroxyl radicals are generated under the catalytic effect of transition metal in the converter mud, and then the pollutants in water are effectively degraded by the free hydroxyl radicals and the free sulfate radicals.