The invention relates to a nano-aperture porous periclase-magnesium aluminate spinel ceramic material and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the steps of sequentially heating magnesite fine powder to 680 to 850 DEG C and 950 to 1250 DEG C, keeping warm, and obtaining magnesium oxide powder with high porosity; putting 70 to 98 weight percent of magnesium oxide powder with high porosity into a vacuum mixer, adding 0.1 to 25 weight percent of solution containing Al<3+> and 0.1 to 10 weight percent of aluminium hydroxide micro powder under 2.0kPa, and stirring to obtain a mixture; keeping warm of the mixture at 110 to 220 DEG C, cooling, mechanical pressing, and drying; then keeping warm at 950 to 1250 DEG C and 1480 to 1620 DEG C respectively, and obtaining the nano-aperture porous periclase-magnesium aluminate spinel ceramic material. The preparation method provided by the invention is low in preparation cost and environmentally-friendly, and the prepared product has a nanoscale pore size, and has the advantages of low air permeability, small volume density, low heat conduction coefficient, and high strength.