The invention relates to an airflow heat exchange high and low temperature test system, and belongs to the field of aerospace field associated equipment necessary detection systems. The airflow heat exchange high and low temperature test system comprises a gas supply branch and a circulating loop. The gas supply branch is formed by sequentially connecting a low-temperature storage tank, a low-temperature valve and a low-temperature spray head in series through matched low-temperature pipelines, and the low-temperature spray head is connected into an air channel pipeline on the lower section of the circulating loop so as to communicate with one connecting-in opening of a sealed cabin. An air valve, a fan and an electric heater are sequentially connected to the low-temperature spray head connecting-in position of the upper section of the circulating loop through matched air channel pipelines so as to communicate with the other connecting-in opening of the sealed cabin. Low-temperature liquid gas is stored in the low-temperature storage tank. The airflow heat exchange high and low temperature test system is simple in structure and reasonable in design and can meet test requirements under multiple working conditions of temperature increase, temperature decrease and thermal insulation through airflow heat exchange.