The invention discloses an urban traffic volume acquisition method based on checkpoint and mobile phone flow bill data. The urban traffic volume acquisition method comprises the steps of: acquiring latitude and longitude coordinates of critical positions of a research road network, and filling road network coordinates with required precision by adopting a linear interpolation method; extracting road sections having checkpoints in a range of the research road network, and selecting mobile phone flow bill data with latitude and longitude falling into a precision range specified by the road sections; acquiring features of the mobile phone flow bill data in the road sections having the checkpoints after aggregation; performing traffic volume aggregation on checkpoint data in the range of the research road network at specified time interval; and acquiring traffic volume of road sections which are not provided with checkpoints in the research road network through selecting a prediction model. The urban traffic volume acquisition method is based on a multi-source data fusion concept, combines the mobile phone flow bill data and the checkpoint data, eliminates the defect of insufficient data volume caused by poor precision of mobile phone flow bill data and few arranged checkpoint point locations through complementation, and fills in a gap in the application of the mobile phone flow bill data in urban road network.