The invention provides a low-complexity and high-precision single anchor node positioning system and method and belongs to the field of wireless positioning testing. The system comprises an anchor node and a destination node, wherein the anchor node comprises an anchor node support and an omnidirectional antenna of the anchor node at the top end of the anchor node support, an antenna baseplate is arranged on the anchor node support and a plurality of directional antennas are arranged on the antenna baseplate; each directional antenna is respectively connected to one low noise amplifier, the low noise amplifier is connected to a detector, the detector is connected to an analog-to-digital converter, the analog-to-digital converter is connected to an anchor node microprocessor, the omnidirectional antenna of the anchor node is connected to a wireless transceiver chip of the anchor node, and the wireless transceiver chip of the anchor node is connected to the anchor node microprocessor; and the destination node comprises a destination node support and an omnidirectional antenna of the destination node at the top end of the destination node support.