The invention discloses an anti-blocking extrusion device with a quick cooling function. The anti-blocking extrusion device with the quick cooling function comprises a base, a case, cooling squeezing rollers, a discharging mechanism, a conveyor belt, rollers, a water tank, an anti-blocking device body and a motor, wherein the case is arranged on the upper portion of the base; the discharging mechanism is arranged above the case; the anti-blocking device body is arranged in the case and provided with a telescopic shaft; a scraper blade and a collection tank are fixed to the telescopic shaft through mounting plates; the scraper blade is matched with a rotary base; the two cooling squeezing rollers are arranged in the case; the conveyor belt is arranged below the cooling squeezing rollers, and the conveyor belt is driven by the motor to move horizontally; the multiple rollers are arranged on the base and installed on a supporting base through bearings; and the rollers are driven by the motor to rotate and are connected with the water tank through a pump body. Materials accumulated at an extrusion outlet can be removed in time, and blockage is avoided; and the materials are thoroughly cooled before being cut, so that the quality of plastic powder is ensured, and efficiency is improved.