The invention relates to an atmospheric particulate sampling system, and belongs to the technical field of atmosphere monitoring. The atmospheric particulate sampling system comprises an aircraft with a sampling apparatus and a ground moving power supply apparatus, wherein the aircraft is connected with the ground moving power supply apparatus by virtue of a cable, the aircraft is a rotorcraft, the sampling apparatus comprises a rotary gas collection mechanism and a gas sampler, an opening of a gas input end of the rotary gas collection mechanism faces upwards and is disposed below an annular area formed by distributing all rotors, the sampling system is provided with a controller, and the gas sampler forms a mechanism for sampling atmospheric particulates in all directions for a long time by virtue of the control of the controller on the rotary gas collection mechanism and the rotorcraft. The rotary gas collection mechanism is switched between a working position and a nonworking position by the rotary gas collection mechanism, the atmospheric particulates are collected by virtue of airflow generated by rotors, the load capacity is greatly reduced, the flight duration is greatly prolonged, and the requirement on a power sully is also reduced.