A new synthesis technology of 2-hydroxybenzonitrile comprises the following steps: 1, adding o-chlorotoluene, ammonia gas, oxygen and water vapor to a free turbulent fluidized bed reactor, uniformly stirring above added materials, adding a V-Cr-O and V-P-O fine particle mixture as a catalyst, and heating and reacting the above materials; 2, washing a crude o-chlorobenzonitrile product obtained after the reaction ends with water, and rectifying the crude o-chlorobenzonitrile product to obtain pure o-chlorobenzonitrile; and 3, adding an alkali metal alkoxide solution to the pure o-chlorobenzonitrile obtained in step 2, controlling the reaction temperature, carrying out a reaction under a normal-pressure condition, carrying out reduced pressure distillation after the reaction ends to recover a solvent, and adding hydrochloric acid to the above obtained system in a dropwise manner to carry out acidification in order to obtain solid 2-hydroxybenzonitrile. Compared with the prior art, the technology has the advantages of avoiding of use of phosgene or a phosphorus-containing compound, guaranteeing of the personnel safety of operating personnel, pollution reduction, and facilitation of increase of the productivity of a device and the yield of o-chlorobenzonitrile by using the free turbulent fluidized bed reactor.