The invention provides an XLPE (Cross Linked Polythylene) insulation aging estimation method based on different frequency and dielectric loss ratios. The method comprises the following steps: preparing inner, middle and outer section samples of a cable insulator; performing sample dielectric loss measurement under voltages of 50Hz and 0.1Hz under the same conditions; acquiring the dielectric loss ratio of each sample under 0.1Hz and 50Hz; on the basis of the dielectric loss ratios, calculating to obtain dielectric loss ratios of all insulation layers and the overall insulator; estimating the aging state of an alternating-current or direct-current cable XLPE insulator according to the sizes and change rules of dielectric loss ratios of all the layers and the size of a dielectric loss ratio of the overall insulator. According to the method, influence of non-uniform aging of different positions can be eliminated, so that the overall state of the simulator can be well reflected, and the aging degree of an alternating-current or direct-current cable XLPE insulator can be accurately estimated; the amount of samples required for test is less, and the requirements on voltage and capacity of a test instrument are low; the dielectric loss ratios under different frequencies are taken as character parameters, so that the influence of the test instrument on system errors and external environment is reduced; comparison with historical data is not needed, and engineering application is convenient.