The invention discloses a multistage protection device adapting to falling of a vertical shaft lifting system container. The multistage protection device comprises a main hanging rod, the container, a transmission mechanism, mechanical arms and driving springs. Mechanical arm limiting holes are formed in the side walls of the container, a cross beam is arranged at the top of the container, and a support is arranged on the lower portion of the cross beam. The upper end of the main hanging rod is connected with a lifting connecting device, and the lower end of the main hanging rod is connected with the upper portion of the transmission mechanism. The lower portion of the transmission mechanism is hinged to the upper ends of the mechanical arms, the middles of the mechanical arms are hinged to the support, and the lower ends of the mechanical arms penetrate the mechanical arm limiting holes to be exposed out of the container. The upper ends of the driving springs are fixed to the lower portion of the cross beam, and the lower ends of the driving springs are fixed to the lower portions of the mechanical arms. A plurality of sets of buffering devices are arranged on the outer side of the container in the lifting direction of the container. When the lifting connecting device is broken, the driving springs drive the lower ends of the mechanical arms to stretch out of the container. When the container falls on the buffering devices, the mechanical arms enter piston shoes, the piston shoes are driven to move downwards together, and the piston shoes bear the plastic deformation buffer force of buffer steel belts. Therefore, braking is achieved, and the braking effect is good.