The invention discloses a reverse back extraction refining method for petroleum reduced pressure distillation distillate. Impurity compositions in the distillate are extracted through NMP to refine the distillate, based on the principle that the solubility of base oil in NMP changes along with the content of water in NMP, the base oil dissolved by NMP is reversely back-extracted, and then the base oil in the distillate is purified and efficiently recycled. Compared with the prior art, the method has the following advantages that the technology is simple, the use amount of a solvent can be greatly reduced, the recycling efficiency of the base oil is improved, and the quality of oil products can be flexibly adjusted according to the requirements of use fields and cost; cost control is good, and the profit rate is high; only one chemical solvent is used in the whole technological process, the chemical solvent can be recycled, cost can be effectively controlled, and the waste emission problem can be well solved.