A food grain two-side scanning device provided by the application comprises a supporting frame and a scanning device mounted inside the supporting frame, wherein the scanning device comprises an upper scanner and a lower scanner which are arranged in an up-and-down manner and scanning surfaces of the upper scanner and the lower scanner are opposite; and a transparent plate which can move forwards and backwards in a horizontal plane is arranged between the upper scanner and the lower scanner. The supporting frame plays a supporting role, two side image acquisition of food grains is realized through the two scanners, and meanwhile, a movable shielding piece is additionally arranged to be used as a background during scanning, so that the scanning effect is better, the foundation is laid for image recognition of incomplete food grains, and problems that food grain image acquisition cost is high and the sampling efficiency is low in the prior art are solved; and in addition, the cost is low, the sampling efficiency is high, and the device for two-side scanning of a certain amount of the food grains in multiple directions is provided.