The invention discloses a mobile terminal photon data transmission method and device. Through adjustment of light brightness combination, the transmitted data is coded so that more information can be transmitted and security is improved. Preferably, before coding, flash lamp brightness is controlled, a certain information amount of data is transmitted, a photon reception end recognizes an optical signal, according to an identification result, the level number of brightness signals supported by a photon reception end is determined, and according to the photon reception end identification capability, a coding process is carried out so that a photon reception end identification capability is guaranteed and the transmitted codes can fully utilize mobile phone flash lamp light brightness. The invention also discloses a photon data reception device. Through frequency of reception of correct-decoded information, a recognition rate is calculated. According to the recognition rate, reception effects are determined so that code sending reliability is further improved.