The invention discloses a high-temperature particulate material stage cooling method. According to the method, a feed inlet of a cooling material bed is transversely divided into an upper area and a lower area by a retaining wall the bottom of which is suspended, particle classification and quenching are conducted on high-temperature particulate materials discharged from a rotary kiln with airflow, coarse particulate materials obtained after classification fall into the upper area of the feed inlet of the cooling material bed to form a coarse particle material bed for thick material bed countercurrent heat exchange, fine particulate materials obtained after classification fall into the lower area of the feed inlet of the cooling material bed, and the coarse particulate materials subjected to countercurrent heat exchange enter the lower area of the feed inlet of the cooling material bed through the bottom of the retaining wall to be cooled on the cooling material bed together with the fine particulate materials in the lower area. The invention further discloses a high-temperature particulate material stage cooling device adopting the method. The high-temperature particle classification technique is adopted, the coarse particles are cooled on the thick material bed, the amount of cooling air can be reduced, the heat recovery efficiency of a system can be improved, and then energy is saved.