A high-speed train shaft-mounted brake disc with a slider structure comprises a disc body, a disc hub, pressing plates and fasteners. The disc body and the disc hub are each provided with teeth which are evenly distributed in the circumferential direction. Each tooth is provided with an installation hole. The installation holes formed in the disc body and the disc hub are fixed through the fasteners. The high-speed train shaft-mounted brake disc further comprises sliders. Each slider comprises an upper end and a lower end which are of a concentric step cylindrical shaft structure. Each slider is provided with a through hole penetrating through the corresponding upper end and the corresponding lower end. The outer diameter of each upper end is smaller than that of the corresponding lower end. Each installation hole comprises a bolt hole body and a slider hole body. The slider hole bodies are formed at intervals. The upper end of each slider is inserted in the corresponding slider hole body in the disc body. The lower end of each slider is inserted in the corresponding slider hole body in the disc hub. According to the high-speed train shaft-mounted brake disc, the structure of an original brake disc is changed, and the sliders are additionally arranged on the basis of maintaining the disc body, the disc hub, the pressing plates and the fasteners. It can be directly guaranteed that the disc body and the disc hub cannot rotate relatively through the sliders. Meanwhile, the risk of breakage of bolts is lowered indirectly.