The invention provides a 110kV voltage class short-circuit current-limiting device detonation device and system. The device comprises a first photoelectric converter, a second photoelectric converter, a silicon controlled rectifier, an energy storage capacitor and a short-circuit current-limiting device. The short-circuit current-limiting device is composed of multiple high-voltage current-carrying bridge bodies through series connection. The first photoelectric converter is connected with the second photoelectric converter via optical fibers. The second photoelectric converter is connected with the silicon controlled rectifier. The silicon controlled rectifier, the energy storage capacitor and the short-circuit current-limiting device are connected in series to form a closed loop. The first photoelectric converter converts a received disconnection control signal into an optical signal and transmits the optical signal to the second photoelectric converter via the optical fibers. The second photoelectric converter converts the optical signal into an electric signal. The silicon controlled rectifier receives the electric signal to trigger conduction of the closed loop. The energy storage capacitor releases electric quantity to detonate the initiating explosive components of the high-voltage current-carrying bridge bodies so as to disconnect short-circuit current. High-voltage and low-voltage areas are isolated so that a problem of electromagnetic influence is avoided, and a detonation method which is small in size and low in realization difficulty is provided.