The invention relates to an electric aerial optical cable carrying capacity monitoring method based on a whole-course distribution way. The method comprises the steps of establishing a novel OPPC circuit between two stations, wherein two optical units are arranged in the novel OPPC circuit, a first optical unit is arranged in the center of an optical cable and is provided with at least one tight optical fiber with no excessive length, a second optical unit is arranged in an optical cable stranded layer and is provided with at least one loose optical fiber with excessive length of 0.5 to 0.8 percent, one end of the tight optical fiber and one end of the loose optical fiber are respectively connected to two optical ports of a monitoring device, and the other ends of the tight optical fiber and the loose optical fiber are respectively connected after entering an optical fiber distribution frame; starting the monitoring device to begin the conducting wire and environmental temperature and wind speed measurement; acquiring a carrying capacity of a circuit conducting wire by virtue of the measurement data and a carrying capacity steady and transient calculation model. According to the electric aerial optical cable carrying capacity monitoring method based on the whole-course distribution way, the real-time monitoring for the carrying capacity of the electric aerial circuit can be realized, and the safety operation of a power grid can be guaranteed.