The invention relates to a temperature and strain distributed monitoring device of a power aerial optical cable. The device comprises a test host, an aerial optical cable and an optical cable closure, wherein two light units are arranged in the aerial optical cable; the first light unit is positioned in the center of the optical cable and is provided with at least one tight tube optical fiber without excess length; the second light unit is positioned on an optical cable stranded layer and is provided with at least one loose tube optical fiber with excess length of being 0.5-0.8 percent; certain ends of the tight tube optical fiber and the loose tube optical fiber are connected with two light ports of the test host respectively; the other ends of the tight tube optical fiber and the loose tube optical fiber enter the optical cable closure respectively and then are connected. The tight tube optical fiber and the loose tube optical fiber are used for distributed strain and temperature measurement respectively, so that distributed real-time monitoring of the power aerial optical cable is realized, and power transmission safety is guaranteed.