The invention discloses a transformer winding and iron core surface vibration signal detecting system. The transformer winding and iron core surface vibration signal detecting system comprises a laser vibration measurer, a data acquisition card, a computer and a support used for supporting the laser vibration measurer, wherein the laser vibration measurer is fixed to the support, the included angle theta is formed between laser light emitted by the laser vibration measurer and the plane perpendicular to the transformer winding and iron core surface to be measured, the output end of the laser vibration measurer is connected with the input end of the data acquisition card, and the output end of the data acquisition card is connected with the input end of the computer. The invention further provides a transformer winding and iron core surface vibration signal detecting method. The transformer winding and iron core surface vibration signal detecting system and method can accurately measure vibration signals of to-be-measured positions of the transformer winding and iron core surface.