The invention discloses a synchronous acquisition and processing system of weak signals of three-dimensional sound wave near-probe 104 channels. The system comprises one control panel and 13 identical acquisition panels. After receiving a command sent by a ground system, an acquisition control module in the control panel initializes the 13 acquisition panels and configures related parameters of the 13 acquisition panels, weak signal synchronous acquisition and processing modules of the acquisition panels carry out counting according to initial pulses and returned pulses to obtain delay time, and when it is detected that the acquisition control module sends out an acquisition starting command, the 13 acquisition panels are delayed by corresponding time respectively and collect and send sound wave data. The acquisition control module receives sound wave data of the 104 channels of the 13 acquisition panels, a sound wave real-time lossless compression module is used for lossless compressing the data in real time and uploading the compression result, so that more accuracy sound wave signals and interval transit time information are obtained, transmission quantity of the sound wave data is reduced, and well logging efficiency is greatly improved.