The invention discloses an electric field type time grating linear displacement sensor based on a single-row multilayered structure. The electric field type time grating linear displacement sensor comprises a measuring head substrate and a fixed ruler substrate, wherein a row of equidistant double-sinusoid-shaped electrodes are arranged on the measuring head substrate; a row of rectangular electrodes are arranged on the fixed ruler substrate, fixed ruler leading wires are arranged at the bottoms of the electrodes, and insulating layers are arranged between the electrodes and the leading wires so as to form the multilayered structure; the measuring head substrate and the fixed ruler substrate are arranged in an upper and lower relative parallel manner, and a gap delta is reserved between the measuring head substrate and the fixed ruler substrate; the measuring head substrate and the fixed ruler substrate move relatively; four electrodes of a fixed ruler in one cycle are respectively connected to uniform amplitude equi-frequency sinusoidal excitation voltages, phase positions of which are respectively 0 degree, 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees, and a traveling wave signal Uo generated on the measuring head substrate and an equi-frequency reference signal Ur with a fixed phase position are subjected to phase comparison; the phase difference of the two signals is expressed by an interpolated clock pulse, and a linear displacement value is obtained through transformation. The electric field type time grating linear displacement sensor is low in power dissipation, high in accuracy and simple in structure, has low requirements for installation accuracy of machines, and can realize the nanometer accuracy measurement in a large range.