The invention relates to a high-efficiency treatment and recycling method of chemical industry wastewater and biochemical effluent and belongs to the field of wastewater treatment. The method comprises the following steps: (1) carrying out a Fenton oxidation reaction in a reaction tank, regulating the pH value to be 5-7, and adding ferrous sulfate and hydrogen peroxide into a water sample, so as to enable concentration of Fe<2+> and H2O2 respectively to be 1-3 mmol/L and 2-5 mmol/L, and performing reaction for 60-600 minutes; (2) mixing butylated hyper-crosslinked resin with effluent in the step (1), wherein the amount of the resin is 0.1-5 percent of the volume of the water, and mixing for 10-1000 minutes; (3) performing solid-liquid separation of the resin and water in the effluent in the step (2), so as to enable the separated effluent to be discharged or directly recycled. According to the method, hardly degradable substances in the chemical industry wastewater and the biochemical effluent can be effectively removed, the effluent meets the primary A discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plants and related reclaimed water recycling standards, and the method is applied to advanced treatment and recycling of wastewater.