The invention relates to a heavy truck transmission shaft with a rapid dynamic balance calibration structure. The heavy truck transmission shaft comprises a transmission shaft formed by axially connecting a spline sleeve and a shaft tube; balance rings are respectively arranged on the spline sleeve and the shaft sleeve; the balance ring comprises two semicircular rings, annular slots are formed on the semicircular rings along the circumference, the cross section of the annular slot is T-shaped and is provided with sliding blocks in a matching way, and the position of the sliding block can be slidingly adjusted on the annular slot; bolts fix balancing blocks onto the semicircular rings after penetrating through mounting holes on the sliding blocks through the matching connection with the balance blocks; an inward groove is formed at the inner wall of one end of the semicircular ring, and an outwards convex block is formed at the inner wall of the other end of the semicircular ring; and the groove on one semicircular ring is correspondingly matched with the convex block on the other semicircular ring, and threaded holes of the groove are in threaded connection with through holes on the convex block. By the heavy truck transmission shaft, multiple disadvantages caused by fixing the balance blocks in a welding way can be effectively overcome, the dynamic balance test of the transmission shaft can be more rapidly and exactly executed, and the transmission shaft is flexible.