The invention discloses anionic self-crosslinking polyacrylamide. The structural formula of the anionic self-crosslinking polyacrylamide is specified in description, wherein R1 is a cation group and R2 is an anion group. The anionic self-crosslinking polyacrylamide is characterized in that: before gelatinization, the small viscosity makes injection easy, the anions can cover the fine sand and mud in a stratum to form a composite plugging system, the single product makes construction convenient and saves cost and the high synchronization in the injection process and low initial viscosity makes the injection easy; after being gelatinized, the anionic self-crosslinking polyacrylamide is used for polymer injection, the viscosity which reduces to a very low extent at high speed shearing allows the anionic self-crosslinking polyacrylamide to permeate into the stratum to reduce volume of inaccessible pores, the polymer crosslinks automatically after being stable to increase water control capacity and control a high-permeability layer; and the like. The anionic self-crosslinking polyacrylamide is widely used in a tertiary oil recovery process during oil recovery.