The invention discloses a method for rapidly measuring chemical compositions of wood by utilizing a near infrared spectroscopic analysis technique, and the method can be used for solving the problems of high cost and long period when the existing method is used for analyzing and measuring the chemical compositions of the wood, has the advantages of simplicity, convenience, practicability, rapidness and the like, and can be used for effectively, rapidly and accurately analyzing and measuring the chemical compositions of the wood and the like. The method disclosed by the invention comprises the following steps: a. crushing wood chips and sieving through a sieve of 40-60 meshes; b. measuring the chemical compositions of the wood by utilizing a conventional analysis method; c. collecting the near infrared spectroscopic data of a wood sample by utilizing a near infrared spectroscopic analysis instrument; d. respectively establishing corresponding wood teaching prediction models of various chemical composition measured values of the wood and the near infrared spectroscopic data of the wood by adopting a chemical metering method; and e. analyzing the wood near infrared spectroscopic data of the unknown chemical compositions which are collected according to the step c by adopting the established mathematical prediction model, thereby rapidly and accurately determining the chemical compositions of the wood.