The invention discloses a joint drainage type cement concrete road structure. The cement concrete road structure is formed by splicing a plurality of cement concrete slabs; vertically and horizontally staggered joints are retained among all the cement concrete slabs; and a water collecting aluminum plate which is similar to a groove shape and leads to an edge drainage system is arranged at the bottom of the cement concrete road structure and below all the joints. A construction method of the road structure comprises the following steps of: designing concrete positions of the joints at the construction planning road section; then placing and fixing the water collecting aluminum plate on a road base layer in the corresponding position; constructing on the road base layer paved with the water collecting aluminum plate according to the conventional process to obtain a road structure body; then sawing at the joint positions; and finally, constructing the edge drainage system. The cement concrete road structure of the invention has the advantages of simple structure, convenience of construction, high durability, and the like.